An important quality of an effective educator is the ability to explain subject content clearly and to determine learners’ understanding of the topic. Clear instruction enables learners to more effectively plan, set goals and acquire a stronger sense of how to judge their own progress. Fabian Arends uses grade 5 and grade 9 learner data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) to investigate instructional clarity
from a learners’ perspective and its impact on learning outcomes