Answer: TIMSS assesses the achievement of learners at three stages of their education. At the primary school level, TIMSS assesses learners in either the 4^th, 5^th or 6^th grade. At the lower secondary school level, learners in 8^th or 9^th grade are assessed. Since 1995 South Africa has participated only at the lower secondary level. In 2015, South Africa participated at the primary school level for the first time in TIMSS Numeracy. For TIMSS 2019, grade 5 learners completed both the mathematics and science assessments.